Publications

A central bank digital currency (CBDC) is a digital version of cash issued by a central bank that can be used to make electronic payments. It is legal tender, and complements physical cash through its advantages of security, speed, low cost, and convenience.
CBDCs differ from other private forms of digital payments because they are guaranteed by the central bank. A well-functioning CBDC meets a clearly identified demand and operates on a secure and resilient digital payments platform. Also, it is supported by the
key financial institutions and other payment service providers (PSPs) and enjoys broad support from the public, business, and government.

Published Date: July 2023
Author: M. Dacosta
Download: Project on CBDCs in Caribbean Final Version July 5 2023

The main objective of this note is to conduct an analysis of the budgetary targets for 2023 and of the budgetary profile for the medium-term (2024-2026) as set out in the Government’s 2023 budget documents. To provide context for this analysis, the note begins with a review of Guyana’s fiscal performance in 2022, compared to the budgetary targets that were set out for the year. A review of the fiscal performance in 2022 provides a useful perspective for analyzing the 2023 budget targets due to the fact that 2022 was the year in which the Government made an initial attempt to implement a comprehensive capital expenditure program largely funded by oil revenues and aimed at transforming the structure of the economy.

Published Date: May 2023
Author: K. Dublin
Download: Guyana: Review of Fiscal Performance in 2022 and the Medium Term Final Version May 8

Guyana’s budget for 2023 is unprecedented in size and scope, fuelled by the country’s growing petroleum-related revenues. At G$782 billion, or about US$4 billion, it is 41 percent larger than the 2022 budget.

Current revenue is budgeted to increase by 35 percent in 2023 mainly as a result of transfers from the NRF. Revenue other than that related to oil and carbon credits is expected to rise by 12 percent, broadly in line with the growth of the non-oil economy. Current expenditure is budgeted to grow by about 10 percent, with the wage bill and private transfers growing by 20 percent (13 percent in 2022), and 28 percent (15 percent in 2022) respectively. The rise in private transfers reflects continued increases in cash grants to students, the disabled, and public assistance recipients, as well as in pensions.

Published Date: February 2023
Author: M. DaCosta
Download: Review of Budget for 2023

Full Paper

The risk management (RM) environment for banks in Guyana resembles closely the situation described in the literature on developing countries. Features in this group, such as inadequate differentiation among risks, zero rating of sovereign loans, and a false sense of comfort derived from high risk-weighted capital ratios, resonate in Guyana. Also common is the influence of macroeconomic factors (fiscal policy, fluctuations in commodity prices and the terms of trade, and a lack of economic diversification) on risk, as well as asymmetries due to inadequate borrower information, and delays and other difficulties in enforcing collateral claims. Other features of the Guyana environment are that (i) the country is only now shifting to Basel II; (ii) liquidity and market risks are not significant, nor is model risk or third party risk; (iii) Value-at-Risk (VaR) is not used commonly in domestic banks, and banks generally do not aggregate risks into a single measure of overall risk appetite; (iv) enterprise risk management (ERM) is conducted only in the foreign banks; and (v) there is little risk transfer activity through hedging.

Published Date: April 2020
Author: Michael DaCosta

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1. Introduction

The attached table and these notes represent an attempt to quantify the possible effects of oil revenues on the central government finances over the period 2019-2023, using as a base the IMF’s estimates set out in its 2018 Country Report on Guyana.[1] They are circulated as a contribution to public discussion on the fiscal effects of oil revenues.

2. Assumptions

• Non-oil GDP is projected to grow by an average of 4½ -5 percent a year between 2019 and 2023.
• Over the same period the country’s population increases by about 1 percent a year, reaching 820,000 by 2023, which would have implications for budgetary expenditures on transfers as well as for estimates of per capita income.
• Oil revenue projections are in line with the IMF fiscal estimates in Table 3a of the 2018 Country Report. These revenues are estimated to be equivalent to about 15 percent of the value of oil exports shown in Table 2 of the Country Report.
• 40 percent of oil revenues will be saved in a Natural Resource Fund (NRF).
• Wages and other goods and services are projected to grow by 8 percent per year between 2020-2023. Transfers are projected to increase by about 10 percent annually.
• These projections for spending on wages, other goods and services, and transfers are higher than those projected by the IMF.
• Oil Financed Projects during 2020-2023 are projected to be 60 percent of Oil Revenues. Total capital expenditure is calculated as the total of External PSIP, local PSIP, and Oil Financed Projects. It is projected to increase from nearly 8 percent of GDP in 2018 to 12 percent of GDP in 2023.

3. Highlights of the table[2]

• Oil revenues will rise sharply from G$36 billion in 2020 to G$161 billion in 2023, equivalent to just over 60 percent of tax revenue.
• The amount of resources in the NRF will total US$483 million by 2023.
• There will be scope for increased spending on transfers, including to the poor and aged and other social programs.
• Capital expenditure will expand sharply, reaching almost G$200 billion by 2023, or 12 percent of GDP.
• The overall deficit is projected to decline from 5.4 percent of GDP in 2018 to 2.5 percent of GDP in 2023.
• The country’s gross debt stock will fall from 56 percent of GDP in 2018 to 44 percent in 2023.
• Net Domestic Financing is calculated as the difference between the total financing need and Net External Financing. Reflecting the sharp increase in oil revenues between 2020 and 2023, net domestic financing, after peaking at about G$46 billion in in 2019, would decline in subsequent years to about G$20 billion in 2023
• GDP per person will double from US$4,705 in 2018 to about US$9,500 in 2023.

• [1] https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2018/07/16/Guyana-2018-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-46083
• [2] These projections will have to be revised later in light of changes in production and price estimates, as well as changes in government policies.

Guyana: A Fiscal Framework Incorporating Oil Revenues—2018-2023

Guyana Economic Analysis Group, November 2018

Guyana’s economy experienced a slowdown in 2017, with the growth rate sliding to about 2 percent, compared with 3.3 percent in 2016. (Table 1). Sugar production fell by about 25 percent to 137,000 tons, reflecting industrial action in response to restructuring of the industry. The mining sector also showed a significant decline because of a flattening in gold output in 2017 compared to the massive increase in the previous year. On the other hand, there was a pickup in growth in selected agricultural products, mainly rice, as well as in the forestry and fishing industries. Growth in these areas offset falling production in the sugar and livestock industries. Production in the rice industry grew by about 18 percent, reaching 630,000 tons. This improvement reflected an increase in the acreage planted in both the Spring and Autumn crops, as well as an enhancement in yield.

Published Date: July 2018
Authors: M. DaCosta, K. Dublin, and S. Williams

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